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  *      Authors: Chad Berkley
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  *    Copyright: 2000 Regents of the University of California and the
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  *               National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis
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  *  For Details: http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/
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  *      Created: 2001 January 23
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      <td class="tablehead" colspan="2"><p class="label">Replication</p></td>
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  <div class="header1">Table of Contents</div>
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  <div class="toc1"><a href="#Intro">Metacat Replication</a></div>
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    <div class="toc2"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></div>
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    <div class="toc2"><a href="#DatabasedInfo">Databased Information</a></div>
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    <div class="toc2"><a href="#Example">Example</a></div>
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      <div class="toc3"><a href="#gamma">What happens with gamma?</a></div>
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      <div class="toc3"><a href="#alpha">What happens with alpha?</a></div>
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      <div class="toc3"><a href="#lamda">What happens with lamda?</a></div>
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  <div class="toc1"><a href="#ControlPanel">The Replication Control Panel</a></div>
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  <div class="toc1"><a href="#Certificates">Certificates</a></div>
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    <div class="toc2"><a href="#GenerateCertificates">Generate Certificates on both the replication client and server.</a></div> 
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      <div class="toc3"><a href="#GenerateCertTomcat">Generate Certificate for Tomcat standalone (no Apache)</a></div>
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      <div class="toc3"><a href="#GenerateCertApache">Generate Certificate for Apache/Tomcat</a></div>
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    <div class="toc2"><a href="#RegisterPartner">Register the partner machines certificate</a></div> 
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  <a name="Intro"></a><div class="header1">Metacat Replication</div>
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  <a name="Overview"></a><div class="header2">Overview</div>
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  <p>Metacat has built-in replication to allow different Metacat servers to 
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  share data between themselves. Metacat not only replicates XML documents but 
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  also data files. </p>
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  <p>Metacat's hub feature allows it to replicate not only it's own server's original
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  documents, but also those that were replicated from other servers.  This functionality
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  allows for a more complex chaining replication structure.</p>
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  <p>The replication scheme that Metacat uses is both push and pull.  There are 
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  several triggers that can start a replication mechanism: </p>
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  <ul class="list1">
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    <li><b>Delta-T monitoring</b> - at a set time interval a server checks each of the
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    other servers in its list for updated documents</li>
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    <li><b>INSERT trigger</b> - Whenever a document is inserted, the server notifies
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    the remote hosts in its list that it has a new file available.</li>
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    <li><b>UPDATE trigger</b> - Whenever a document is updated, the server notifies
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    each server in its list of the update.</li>
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    <li><b>File locking</b> - When a local user tries to alter a document on a local 
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    server that belongs to a remote server, the local server must first
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    obtain a lock on that file.  Once the lock is obtained, the file can 
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    be updated, then it is force replicated out to each server in the list.
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    The lock ensures that the remote copy is up to date and that an older
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    file does not overwrite a newer one.  Only a documents home server
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    can give a lock for that file to be altered.</li>
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  </ul>
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  <a name="DatabasedInfo"></a><div class="header2">Databased Information</div>
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  <p>Each server contains a list of servers to which it can replicate.  One-way
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  replication is enabled by the 'replicate' and 'datareplicate' flags in the 
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  list.  The server list may look like the following.</p>
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  <table border="1">
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    <tr>
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      <td><b>serverid</b></td>
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      <td><b>server</b></td>
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      <td><b>last_checked</b></td>
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      <td><b>replicate</b></td>
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      <td><b>datareplicate</b></td>
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      <td><b>hub</b></td>
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    </tr>
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    <tr>
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      <td>1</td>
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      <td>localhost</td>
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      <td>null</td>
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      <td>0</td>
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      <td>0</td>
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      <td>0</td>
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    </tr>
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    <tr>
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      <td>2</td>
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      <td>alpha.nceas.ucsb.edu:8080/berkley/servlet/replication</td>
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      <td>2001-01-22 14:52:12.1</td>
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      <td>0</td>
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      <td>0</td>
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      <td>0</td>
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    </tr>
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    <tr>
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      <td>3</td>
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      <td>dev.nceas.ucsb.edu/Metacat/servlet/replication</td>
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      <td>2001-01-23 9:10:02.5</td>
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      <td>1</td>
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      <td>1</td>
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      <td>0</td>
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    </tr>
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  </table>
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  <br>
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  The server list is kept in a table in the database called xml_replication.
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  Localhost must always be the first entry in the table and have a serverid of 1.
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  The database fields are:
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  <ul class="list1">
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  <li><b>serverid</b> - a unique ID that is generated by the database when a new field is added.</li>
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  <li><b>server</b> - this field always points to the partner server's replication servlet,
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  hence the "servlet/replication" on the end of both of the sample servers.  Note
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  that any port numbers (if your servlet engine is not running on port 80) must
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  also be included. </li>
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  <li><b>last_checked</b> - a system generated values that holds the last time that a check was 
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  made to see if replication needed to be performed.<li>
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  <li><b>replicate</b> - flag that is set to 1 if you want this server to replicate XML 
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  metadata documents TO the remote host.  Note that if this flag is set to 0, datareplicate
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  and hub fields have no meaning.</li>
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  <li><b>datareplicate</b> - flag that is set to 1 if you want this server to copy data 
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  files to the remote host.  Note that this field has no meaning if replicate is not set to 1.</li>
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  If this server is a hub to the remote host, the hub flag should be set to.
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  <li><b>hub</b> - if this flag is set to true, this server will not only replicate it's own
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  original documents, it will also replicate documents that were replicated to it.  Thus it 
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  acts as a replication hub to one or more other Metacat servers.</li>
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  </ul>
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  <a name="Example"></a><div class="header2">Example</div>
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  Here we show an example setup of three replication servers.  We will discuss each.<br><br>
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  First, note that in order for replication to occur, both partner servers must have 
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  each other in their respective tables or replication will not take place.  Also, 
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  certificates must be set up correctly on both servers in order for replication to 
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  work.  See the <a href="#Certificates">certificates</a> section below.<br><br>
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  <table border="1">
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    <tr>
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      <td>host</td>
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      <td>replication table</td>
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    </tr>
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    <tr>
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     <td>gamma.nceas.ucsb.edu</td>
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     <td>
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      <table border="2">
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        <tr>
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          <td><b>server</b></td>
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          <td><b>last_checked</b></td>
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          <td><b>replicate</b></td>
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          <td><b>datareplicate</b></td>
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          <td><b>hub</b></td>
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        </tr>
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        <tr>
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          <td>localhost</td>
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          <td>null</td>
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          <td>0</td>
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          <td>0</td>
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          <td>0</td>
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        </tr>
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        <tr>
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          <td>alpha.nceas.ucsb.edu:8080/berkley/servlet/replication&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
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          <td>2001-01-22 14:52:12.1</td>
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          <td>0</td>
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          <td>0</td>
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          <td>0</td>
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        </tr>
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        <tr>
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          <td>lamda.nceas.ucsb.edu/Metacat/servlet/replication</td>
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          <td>2001-01-23 9:10:02.5</td>
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          <td>1</td>
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          <td>1</td>
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          <td>0</td>
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        </tr>
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      </table>
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     </td>
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    </tr>
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    <tr>
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      <td>alpha.nceas.ucsb.edu</td>
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      <td>
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        <table border="2">
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          <tr>
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            <td><b>server</b></td>
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            <td><b>last_checked</b></td>
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            <td><b>replicate</b></td>
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            <td><b>datareplicate</b></td>
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            <td><b>hub</b></td>
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          </tr>
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          <tr>
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            <td>localhost</td>
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            <td>null</td>
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            <td>0</td>
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            <td>0</td>
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            <td>0</td>
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          </tr>
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          <tr>
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            <td>gamma.nceas.ucsb.edu:8080/berkley/servlet/replication</td>
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            <td>2001-01-21 11:33:12.7</td>
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            <td>0</td>
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            <td>1</td>
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            <td>0</td>
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          </tr>
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          <tr>
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            <td>lamda.nceas.ucsb.edu/Metacat/servlet/replication</td>
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            <td>2001-01-23 10:22:02.5</td>
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            <td>1</td>
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            <td>0</td>
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            <td>0</td>
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          </tr>
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        </table>
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      </td>
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    </tr>
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    <tr>
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      <td>lamda.nceas.ucsb.edu</td>
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      <td>
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        <table border="2">
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          <tr>
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            <td><b>server</b></td>
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            <td><b>last_checked</b></td>
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            <td><b>replicate</b></td>
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            <td><b>datareplicate</b></td>
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            <td><b>hub</b></td>
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          </tr>
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          <tr>
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            <td>localhost</td>
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            <td>null</td>
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            <td>0</td>
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            <td>0</td>
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            <td>0</td>
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          </tr>
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          <tr>
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            <td>gamma.nceas.ucsb.edu:8080/berkley/servlet/replication</td>
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            <td>2001-01-21 11:33:12.7</td>
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            <td>0</td>
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            <td>0</td>
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            <td>0</td>
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          </tr>
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          <tr>
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            <td>alpha.nceas.ucsb.edu:8080/Metacat/servlet/replication</td>
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            <td>2001-01-22 12:15:32.5</td>
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            <td>1</td>
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            <td>1</td>
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            <td>1</td>
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          </tr>
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        </table>
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      </td>
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    </tr>
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  </table>
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  <a name="gamma"></a><div class="header3">What happens with gamma?</div>
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  <ul class="list1">
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  <li>The localhost entry is required internally for replication to work on 
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      gamma.  As long as we see it there, we can safely disregard it.</li>
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  <li>We see the entry for the alpha machine has all zeros in replicate, 
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      datareplicate and hub columns.  This means that gamma is configured to
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      accept replication information from alpha.  (As we will see in a moment,
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      alpha is not actually correctly configured to send data to gamma.)</li>
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  <li>We see that the entry for the lamda machine has ones in the replicate
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      and data replicate columns and a zero in the hub column.  This tells us
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      that gamma will replicate it's original documents to lamda, assuming that
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      lambda is configured to accept replication from gamma (we will see that it
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      is).  However, because the hub value is zero, any documents that replicate 
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      to gamma will not be further replicated to lamda.</li>
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  </ul>
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  <a name="alpha"></a><div class="header3">What happens with alpha?</div>
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  <ul class="list1">
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  <li>The localhost entry is required internally for replication to work on 
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      alpha.  As long as we see it there, we can safely disregard it.</li>
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  <li>We see that the entry for gamma has a zero in the replicate column.  
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      This means that all other entries are meaningless and can be disregarded.
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      Even though there is a one in the datareplicate column on alpha and gamma 
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      is configured to accept replication from alpha, no replicationwill happen 
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      from alpha to gamma.</li>
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  <li>We see that the entry for lamda is a one in the replicate column and zeros
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      in the datareplicate and hub columns.  Assuming lamda is configured to 
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      accept replication from alpha, alpha will replicate metadata only to lamda 
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      (and indeed, we will see that lambda is set up to accept replication from 
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      alpha). </li>
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  </ul>
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  <a name="lamda"></a><div class="header3">What happens with lamda?</div>
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  <ul class="list1">
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  <li>The localhost entry is required internally for replication to work on 
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      lamda.  As long as we see it there, we can safely disregard it.</li>
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  <li>We see that the entry for gamma has all zeros in replicate, datareplicate
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      and hub, so lamba is set up to accept replication from gamma.  As we have
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      already seen, gamma is correctly configured to replicate metadata and data
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      to lambda.  We should see data and metadata replication from gamma to lamda.
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  <li>We see that the entry for alpha has ones in the replicate datareplicate and 
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      hub columns.  There's a lot going on here:
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    <ul class="list2">
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    <li>First, lamda will replicate original metadata and data to alpha if 
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        alpha is configured to accept replication from lamda.  Because alpha 
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        has an entry for lambda, lamba will be allowed to replicate to alpha. </li>
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    <li>Second, because the alpha entry has a one in the hub column, lambda 
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        will not only replicate it's original data, it will also replicate 
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        data that was replicated to it.  Remember that gamma was configured 
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        to replicate to lamda.  So any data or metadata that gamma sends to 
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        lambda will get further replicated to alpha.</li>
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    <li>Finally, the alpha entry in the table allows the alpha server to 
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        replicate to lambda.  Since the alpha server is set up to replicate
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        metadata only, we would expect any original metadata on alpha to 
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        wind up on lambda.</li>
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    </ul>
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  </ul>
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<a name="ControlPanel"></a><div class="header1">The Replication Control Panel:</div>      
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  There is an html control panel for controling replication.  After
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  installing Metacat, you can access it by calling replControl.html.  For instance, if you 
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  setup a Metacat application context called 'knb' you would probably type :
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  <div class="code">http://server.domain.com/knb/style/skins/dev/replControl.html</div>  
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  The control panel is an easy interface for adding/removing/altering servers and 
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  starting the delta-T handler.  It will also allow you to 'force replicate' your 
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  server list.  This is useful if you want to initialize the state of one Metacat 
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  server from an existing state of another (i.e. copy all of the data from an existing
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  server).</p>
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  <a name="Certificates"></a><div class="header1">Certificates:</div>
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  You will need to generate security certificates on both the replication client 
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  and server.  The certificates will be exchanged so that each machine understands
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  that the other has access for replication.<br><br>
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  The following are the steps to generate and exchange certificates on systems
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  running Tomcat 5 and java 1.5.  Note that if Tomcat is running in conjunction with
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  Apache, the process is somewhat different than if it is running standalone.
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  <a name="GenerateCertificates"></a><div class="header2">Generate Certificates on both the replication client and server.</div>  
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  <a name="GenerateCertTomcat"></a><div class="header3">Generate Certificate for Tomcat standalone (no Apache)</div>
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  <ul class="list1">
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  <li>Generate keys in java default key store - this will create a secure key and put it
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    into the binary certificates file located at $JAVA_HOME/lib/security/cacerts</li> 
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    <ul class="list2">
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    <li>Run the command: 
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   	  <div class="code">keytool -genkey -alias &lt;aliasname&gt; -keyalg RSA -validity 800 -keystore $JAVA_HOME/lib/security/cacerts</div>
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     where &lt;aliasname&gt; is a unique name that you choose for this cert.  Something like "&lt;hostname-tomcat&gt"
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     might be appropriate, where &lt;hostname-tomcat&gt is the name of this host.</li>
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    </ul>
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  </li>
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  <li>
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    Password - keytool will ask for a password.  If this is a pre-existing keystore, you will need
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    to know its password to modify it.  If you are creating a new keystore, the password you enter
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    will become the keystore password.
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  </li>
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  <li>Sample values when creating certificate</li>
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    <ul class="list2">
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    <li>What is your first and last name? <b>myserver.nceas.ucsb.edu </b>
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        (note: use the host name without port number)<li>
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    <li>What is the name of your organizional unit? <b>NCEAS</b></li>
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    <li>What is the name of your organizional unit? <b>UCSB</b></li>
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    <li>What is the name of your City or Locality? <b>Santa Barbara</b></li>
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    <li>What is the name of your State or Province? <b>California</b> 
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        (note: this is spelled in full)<li>
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    <li>What is the two-letter country code for this unit? <b>US</b></li>
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    </ul>
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  <li>Generate certificate - this will pull the certificate you created from the cacerts file
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      and put it into a local file</li>
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    <ul class="list2">
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    <li>Run the command:
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      <div class="code">keytool -export -alias &lt;aliasname&gt; -file &lt;outputfile&gt;.cert -keystore $JAVA_HOME/lib/security/cacerts</div>
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      where &lt;aliasname&gt; is the same name you used when you created the certificate.  </li>
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    <li>A file named &lt;outputfile&gt;.cert will be created in the same directory where you run the keytool 
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      command.  You can name the output file anything you like, but keep in mind that it will get sent to the 
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      partner machine used for replication.  The filename should have have enough meaning that someone who sees 
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      it on that machine can have some idea where it came from.  Again, something like "&lt;hostname&gt;-tomcat.cert"
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      will suffice.</li>   
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    </ul>
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  </li>
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  <li>Enable SSL in Tomcat 
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    <ul class="list2">
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    <li>Edit the Tomcat server file at $TOMCAT_HOME/conf/server.xml</li>
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    <li>
381
      uncomment the section that starts with "&lt;Connector port="8443" ... (Note: Databased Informationcomments start with
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      &lt;!-- and end with --&gt;).
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    </li>
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  	<li>add two attribute to that section that read:
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  	  <div class="code">keystoreFile="&lt;JAVA_HOME&gt;/lib/security/cacerts"</div>
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  	  <div class="code">keystorePass="&lt;keystore_password&gt;"</div>
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  	  where &lt;JAVA_HOME&gt; should be the actual java path and &lt;keystore_password&gt; should be the 
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  	  password you used when you created the keystore.
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  	</li>
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  	</ul>
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  </li>
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  </ul>  
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  <a name="GenerateCertApache"></a><div class="header3">Generate Certificate for Apache/Tomcat</div>
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  <ul class="list1">
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  <li>Generate keys using openssl
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    <ul class="list2">
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    <li>Run the command: 
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   	  <div class="code">   openssl req -new -out REQ.pem -keyout &lt;hostname&gt;-apache.key</div>
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    </li>
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    </ul>
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  </li>
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  <li>Sample values when creating certificate</li>
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    <ul class="list2">
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    <li>Enter PEM pass phrase: (note: I use the first part of the host name)
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    <li>Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]: <b>US</b></li>
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    <li>State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]: <b>California</b> 
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        (note: this is spelled in full)</li>
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    <li>Locality Name (eg, city) []: <b>Santa Barbara</b></li>
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    <li>Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]: <b>UCSB</b></li>
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    <li>Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []: <b>NCEAS</b></li>
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    <li>Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []: <b>myserver.mydomain.edu</b>
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        (note: use the host name without port number)</li>
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    <li>Email Address []:  <b>administrator@mydomain.edu</b></li>
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    <li>A challenge password []: (note: leave blank)</li>
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    <li>An optional company name []: (note: leave blank)</li>
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    </ul>
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  </li>    
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  <li>Generate certificate - this will create a local file with your certificate</li>
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    <ul class="list2">
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    <li>Run the command:
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      <div class="code">openssl req -x509 -days 800 -in REQ.pem -key &lt;hostname&gt;-apache.key -out &lt;hostname&gt;-apache.crt</div>
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      where &lt;hostname&gt; is the same name you used when you created the certificate.  </li>
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    <li>A file named &lt;hostname&gt;-apache.crt will be created in the same directory where you run the keytool 
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      command.  You can name the output file anything you like, but keep in mind that it will get sent to the 
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      partner machine used for replication.  The filename should have have enough meaning that someone who sees 
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      it on that machine can have some idea where it came from.  Again, something like "&lt;hostname&gt;-apache.crt"
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      will suffice.</li>   
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    </ul>
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  </li>   
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  <li>Enter the certificate into apache security configuration - you need to register the certificate
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      in the local Apache instance.  Note that the security files may be in a different place depending
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      on how you installed apache.</li>
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    <ul class="list2">
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    <li>Copy the certificate and key file to the apache ssl directories and enable ssl.</li>
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    <li>For Ubuntu/Debian based systems:
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      <ul class="list3">
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      <li>sudo cp &lt;hostname&gt;-apache.crt /etc/ssl/certs</li>
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      <li>sudo cp &lt;hostname&gt;-apache.key /etc/ssl/private</li>
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      <li>As root edit /etc/apache2/sites-available/default.  In the VirtualHost section
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          after the DocumentRoot line, add:<br>
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          SSLEngine on<br>
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          SSLOptions +FakeBasicAuth +ExportCertData +CompatEnvVars +StrictRequire<br>
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          SSLCertificateFile /etc/ssl/certs/server.crt<br>
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          SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/private/server.key<br>
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      </li>
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      </ul>
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    </li>  
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    </ul>  
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    <ul class="list2">
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    <li>For other systems:
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      <ul class="list3">
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      <li>sudo cp &lt;hostname&gt;-apache.crt $APACHE_HOME/conf/ssl.crt</li>
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      <li>sudo cp &lt;hostname&gt;-apache.key $APACHE_HOME/conf/ssl.key</li> 
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      <li> ADD STEPS TO ENABLE SSL ON NON_DEBIAN SYSTEMS HERE</li>
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      </ul>
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    </li>  
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    </ul>    	  	        
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  <li>scp &lt;hostname&gt;-apache.crt to the replication partner machine.</li>
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  </ul>  
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  <a name="RegisterPartner"></a><div class="header2">Register the partner machines certificate.</div>   
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  At this point, you have created a certificate for each replication server and 
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  scp-ed them across to each other.  Now you need to import the remote server's
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  certificate on the local machine.  Perform the following steps for each 
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  replication server.
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  <ul class="list1">
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  <li>Import the remote certificate by running:
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    <div class="code">keytool -import -alias &lt;remotehostalias&gt; -file &lt;remotehostfilename&gt;.crt -keystore $JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/security/cacerts</div>
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    where the &lt;remotehostfilename&gt; is the certificate file you created on the remote machine and
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    copied to this machine.  The &lt;remotehostalias&gt; is the name the certificate will use in
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    the keystore.  It should be something that identifies the remote host.  
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  </li>
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  <li>Restart Apache and Tomcat on both replication machines</li>
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  </ul>
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